1) Aim
2) Apparatus
3) Diagram
4) Formula with explanation/law
5) Theory
6) Observations
7) Observation Table
8) Calculation
9) Result/Conclusion
10) Precautions
11) Questions
12) Graph
आता आपण Experiment चे Solutions पाहण्यास सुरुवात करुया :-
Class 12 Physics Practical No 6 : Resonance Tube Solutions Maharashtra Board
[Page No 50]
Aim :
i) To determine the speed of sound in air at room temperature
ii) To find out the unknown frequency of a tuning fork using Resonance Tube
Apparatus :
A long plastic jar filled with water, resonance tube, set of tuning forks, retort stand, metre scale, vernier caliper, rubber pad, thermometer.
Diagram :
Formula :
i) End correction e = 0.3d
where d is the inner diameter of resonance tube
ii) V = 4(nL)mean
n = frequency of tuning fork
= 4n(l+e)
L = correct resonating length of air column
= 4n(l+0.3d)
l = observed resonating length of air column
iii) V = 4*1/slope
(if graph is 1/L against n)
iv) nx = (nL)mean/Lx
(Where Lx is the correct resonating length for fork of unknown frequency)
[Page No 51]
Observations :
1) Least count of vernier caliper
i) Smallest division on the main scale of vernier caliper, x = 0.1 cm
ii) Total number of divisions on the vernier scale of the vernier calliper, y = 10 div.
iii) Least count (L.C) of vernier calliper, x/y = 0.01 cm.
iv) Zero error (e') = 0 cm.
Observation Table :
1) For inner diameter of resonance tube
| Obs. No. |
MSR/(a)cm | VSD (b)cm |
VSR (c=b*L.C) cm |
Diameter/ (total reading) (a+c=d')cm |
Corrected reading (d=d'-e')cm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.8 | 8 | 0.08 | 2.88 | 2.88 |
| 2 | 2.8 | 6 | 0.06 | 2.86 | 2.86 |
| 3 | 2.8 | 6 | 0.06 | 2.86 | 2.86 |
Mean d = 2.867 cm.
End correction e = 0.3d = 0.8601 cms.
[Page No 52]
2) For resonating length :
| Obs. No. |
Frequency n(Hz) |
Length of air column | Corrected length L=l+e cm |
1/L (cm-1) | nL Hz-cm |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| l1 cm | l2 cm | l3 cm | Mean l cm |
|||||
| 1 | 480 | 18.2 | 18.1 | 18.0 | 18.1 | 18.9 | 0.05291 | 9072 |
| 2 | 426 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 21.1 | 0.04739 | 8989 |
| 3 | 384 | 23.0 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 23.1 | 23.9 | 0.04184 | 9177 |
| 4 | 320 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 25.6 | 25.5 | 26.3 | 0.03802 | 8416 |
| 5 | Unknown (nx)= 288 |
26.7 | 26.8 | 26.9 | 26.8 | Lx27.6 | 0.03623 | 1/Lx=7718 |
Mean (nL) = 8914 Hz-cm or cm/s
Graphs :
Plot a graph of n(y axis) against 1/L (x axis) and calculate the speed of sound by graph.
Slope = y2-y1/x2-x1
V = 4 * slope = 38,888.8 cm/s = 388.88 m/s
Also determine the unknown frequency (nx) from the graph
Calculations :
| Obs.No. | Log n (a) |
Log L (b) |
a+b=c | Antilog (c)=4nL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.6812 | 1.2765 | 3.9577 | 9072 |
| 2 | 2.6294 | 1.3243 | 3.9537 | 8989 |
| 3 | 2.5843 | 1.3784 | 3.9627 | 9177 |
| 4 | 2.5051 | 1.4200 | 3.9251 | 8416 |
Mean (nL) = 8914 Hz cm or cm/s
1) Speed of Sound
V = 4(nL)mean
= 4 * 8914
= 35656 Hz cm or cm/s = 356.56 m/s
2) Unknown frequency
n' = mean(nL)/Correct length corresponding to the unknown frequency (Lx)
= 323 Hz
Result :
1) Speed of sound in air at room temperature
a) By calculation : V = 356.56 m/s
b) By graph : V = 388.88 m/s
2) Unknown frequency of fork
a) By calculation : n' = 323 Hz
b) By graph : n' = 345 Hz
Precautions :
i) Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad
ii) Hold the vibrating tuning fork just above the mouth of the resonance tube
iii) Do not bring ear close to the tube
iv) while adjusting the resonating length, start with the minimum length of the air column and the tuning fork of highest frequency
v) Tuning fork should not touch the resonance tube
vi)The prongs of the tuning fork must vibrate in vertical plane
Questions :
1) What is meant by the term resonance?
Ans : Resonance is the phenomenon in which a system or object vibrates with maximum amplitude when exposed to an external force or frequency that matches its natural frequency, leading to significant energy transfer and enhanced oscillations. It occurs when the driving frequency matches the system's resonant frequency, resulting in a buildup of energy and potential amplification of vibrations.
2) What are forced oscillations?
Ans : Forced oscillations refer to the periodic vibrations or oscillations of a system that occur when an external periodic force or driving force is applied to the system, causing it to vibrate at the frequency determined by the external force rather than its natural frequency. These oscillations are a result of the interaction between the external force and the system's inherent characteristics.
3) What are the sources of errors in this experiment?
Ans : Sources of errors in this experiment can include uncertainties in measuring instruments, variations in environmental conditions (e.g., temperature and humidity), and human errors during data collection or analysis, which may affect the accuracy and reliability of the results.
4) What are nodes and antinodes?
Ans : Nodes are points on a vibrating system where the amplitude is always zero, resulting in no displacement from the equilibrium position. Antinodes, on the other hand, are points of maximum amplitude, experiencing the greatest displacement from the equilibrium position in a vibrating system.
5) What is end correction? How do you eliminate it?
Ans : End correction refers to the adjustment made to the measured length of a vibrating string or column of air to account for the displacement of the nodes from the physical ends of the string or tube. It can be eliminated by subtracting the end correction value from the measured length to obtain the effective length of the vibrating medium, providing more accurate results in resonance experiments.
6) State the factors on which velocity of sound depends?
Ans : The velocity of sound depends on the temperature and the properties of the medium through which it travels, such as its density and elasticity. Higher temperatures and lower densities result in faster sound propagation.
7) How does the speed of sound in the given medium vary with the temperature?
Ans : The speed of sound in a given medium increases with an increase in temperature, as higher temperatures lead to an increase in the average kinetic energy of particles, resulting in faster vibration and sound propagation through the medium.
अशा प्रकारे मित्रांनो आपण इयत्ता बारावी Physics Practical Number 6 - Resonance Tube याचे Solutions पहिले.
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